發表于《半個世紀以來中國城市發展的回顧與前瞻國際學術會議論文集》，中山，1999.12.6-9； P.83-90，The Construction and Management on Guangzhou Metro Line1Zhang Yunquan ( Guangzhou Construction Commission, Guangzhou 510032,P.R. China)Abstract: Guangzhou metro is the fifth Metro in China has been established successfully, following Beijing, Tianjin, Hongkong and Shanghai. It just provides revenue service for 5 months. The network planning, construction and operation of Guangzhou metro are introduced. Advanced electronic and mechanic (E&M) equipment and state-of-the art stations are also emphasized in this paper.Keywords: Guangzhou metro; construction; revenue service1. IntroductionGuangzhou metro is the fifth Metro in China has been established

*Ph D candidate, Center for Urban and Regional Studies ,Zhongshan University, Advisor: Prof. Xu xueqiang, Supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(980268).The paper is submitted to’99 International Conference on Review and Prospect of Chinese Cities for Half Century, Dec.6-9, Zhongshan, China.

successfully, following Beijing, Tianjin, Hongkong and Shanghai. Guangzhou Metro Line 1 is the largest in urban construction projects since the founding of Guangzhou. It runs from east to west, begins at Xilang Station, passes through Pearl River Tunnel, goes under the central part of the city, and reaches at its terminal Guangzhou East Railway Station. The total length of Metro Line 1 is 18.48km (16,4km underground),with 16 stations, one depot, one operation control center(OCC).The investment budget is hour per direction, and the daily ridership is 1.13 million persons, which can meet the requirements expected in the year 2023.

It is financed and constructed by Guangzhou Government. The capitals are funded from a variety of sources, such as governmental finance, societal raising, property development and foreign loans. Germany, Britain, Japan and USA supply the foreign funds, $541 million.Trains and most major electric and mechnic (E&M) systems installed in stations and tunnels are financed by the German Government, through the “Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau”, manufactured and supplied by a German Consortium of Siemens and ABB Daimler-Benz Transportation (A dtranz) under the leadership of Siemens.The training was executed by an international team of training experts under the responsibility of Hamburg-Consult, a subsidiary of HHA(Hamburger Hochbahn AG),Germany, in close co-operation with the nearby Hongkong Metro.An Initial Stage service from Huangsha to Xilang (5.4km) for visiting passengers already commenced on 28.06.1997,with a safe and reliable operation just from the very beginning, without any accidents or major incidents.From 16.02.1999 on (Chinese New Year) an extended service for visitors is foreseen on the entire Line1, shared with the remaining activities in commissioning, integrated test and trial operation. Hand-over of the Metro Line 1 to the public of Guangzhou for full revenue service is scheduled for 28.06.1999.2. State-of-the-art StationsGuangzhou Metro Line 1 has sixteen stations. XILANG and KENKOU are surface stations and others are underground stations. The decorations of the stations are spacious, bright and refined. There is no pollution due to use of power. Fresh air, comfortable temperature and humidity are kept because of the good ventilation and air conditoning systems. In the stations, there are bank offices, ATM, magnetic car phones, small shops as well as guiding zone for vision-handicapped people and hydraulic elevator for disable people. Mobile phones and pagers can be used in the underground stations. Shopping streets are providing for the passengers. The construction of Metro Line 1 was commenced on December 28, 1993. The construction methods include cut- cover tunnel (3.5 km), mining (7.2 km) and shielding tunnel (4.5 km) by 3 boring machines with a diameter of 5.2 meter. The immersed tubes are used in the underwater section (1.2 km) passing Pearl River.3. Advanced Metro EquipmentMetro is an industry with modern high technology. The performance of the equipment for Guangzhou Metro has reached the advanced level of the early 1990s in the world. There are 15 E&M systems imported from Germany, Britain, Japan and USA.All equipment is most advanced state-of-the-art Metro material. Relevant western Metro standards and proven Chinese regulations are applied. The subtropical environmental conditions of Guangzhou with a humidity up to 95% combined with temperatures up to 40℃ are an extreme challenge for all systems and their equipment.The supply of foreign equipment and materials for a total of 15 Metro subsystems is covered by ten similar contracts. Supply principally includes services such as design, training and documentation as well as supervision of installation and commissioning.The contracts for the core systems include:·High-Medium Power Supply/ Traction Power Supply/ Depot Equipment·Signalling/Telecommunication/Power Supply Supervisory Control System (SCADA),·Rolling Stock,These contracts have been awarded to GCGM (German Consortium Guangzhou Metro) which is under the leadership of Siemens.Other foreign E&M equipment includes:·Overhead Catenary System by Balfour Beatty Ltd, UK·Automatic Fare Collection System by Cubic, USA·Fire Alarm System/Building Automation System/ Fire Extinguishing System by Simplex Time Recorder Corp., USA·Fans for Tunnel and Station Ventilation System by GEC UK/ Hongkong Projects Ltd.·A/C System for stations (Hermetic Centrifugal Water Chiller System) by Carrier China Ltd, Hongkong·Escalators by Mitsubishi Corp., Japan (79 units)·Escalators by Hitachil Ltd, Japan (64 units)Locally supplied equipment includes:·Trackwork·Low Voltage Power Supply & Lightin·Hydraulic Elevators·Flood Gates( Pearl River Crossing)·Water Pipe System (tunnel & stations)for extinguishing fires·Work trains.·Power Supply SystemCentralized power supply is adopted for the power supply system of Line 1. The high voltage power supply comes from Guangzhou power network with centralized form. It is composed of KENKOU 110k V Main Substation, GUANGHE 110kV Main Substation and Traction and Lighting Substations of stations.The power supply system of the whole line has 8 traction power lighting substations (TPLS) and 26 power lighting substations (PLS), with the feeding current of 33kV. The independent loop network of 33kV-power supply within the metro itself supplies the power to each TPLS and PLS through double return-circuit feeding cable. The power supply network for the whole line consists of rive sub-systems;The whole line power supply network consists of five sub-systems:—A.C High-Medium Voltage System (HMV)—Traction Power Supply System(TPS)—Overhead Catenary System(OCS)—Supervision Control and Data Acquisition System(SCADA)—Step-down Substation and Power Lighting Supply System·Telecommunication SystemThe Telecommunication System consists of transmission system, radio communication system, administration telephone, dispatching, station and trackside telephone system, close circuit television system, public address system, clock system and uninterrupted power system, etc. Operation, management and maintenance personnel or other system equipment can transmit and communicate the signals like speech, data, picture etc. within certain distance. The service scopes of the Telecommunication System include the Operation Control Center, stations, depot, internal stations and along the line.·Signaling SystemThe Signaling System used for Metro Line 1 is at the advanced level in the world. It consists of Automatic Train Control (ATC) System on the main line, which is fully imported from Semen’s, and 6502 electrical integrated locking system in the depot ATC system includes Automatic Train supervision (ATS), Automatic Train Protection (ATP), Automatic Train Operation (ATO) System and SICAS Micro Computer Interlocking System. ATC, ATO and ATS Systems etc. not only reflect a high degree of automatic level, but also guarantee the safe and reliable operation of the trains.·Rolling StockIt is important transportation equipment with rapid and mass transit, good ride comfort, advanced technology, safety and reliability. The technical performances of the rolling stock influence directly the operation quality of the whole line and play a critical role for the technical advancement and the economical rationality for the long-term operation.Main technical date of passenger trains:—Type: six-car trainset (A+B+C+C+B+A)—Width and height: 3 m and 3.8 m—Line voltage:1500 volt D.C—Initial acceleration: 1.0 m/s2—Gauge:1435 mm—Max. deceleration: 1.3m/s2—Weitght:33t/A-car, 36t/B-car and C-car—Max. Speed: 80km/h—Axle type:2’2+Bo’Bo+Bo’Bo+Bo’Bo++Bo’Bo+2’2—Seat arrangement: 4rows of stainless steel bench each side per car —Passenger load:Rated load (6 pers./m2): 310 pers./car (1860 pers./train)Max load (6 pers./m2): 432 pers./car (2592 pers./train)—Total length of the trainset: 140m—Continuous rated horsepower of the motor: 190kW—Service brake/brake circuit: dynamic regenerate brake and resistant brake—Mechanical brake: pneumatic tread brake controlled by microprocessor—Man-machine interface: infrared ray touch type colour displayer·Automatic Fare Collection SystemAutomatic Fare Collection (AFC) System consists of Central Computer System, Ticket Coding and Sorting System, Station Computer System, Entrance and Exit Gate, Ticket Vending Machine, Ticket Checking Machine, Booking Office Machine and six Central Computer Works, etc. The tickets are magnetic, divided into testing ticket, single journey ticket, value-stored ticket and child ticket and so on.·EscalatorThe type of public transportation with heavy load ability is selected. The product conforms to the requirement of EN115—85“Safety Regulations for European Escalator Manufacture and Installation”. The escalators are installed between platforms and concourses and at some of the entrances and exits.·Building Automation SystemThis system is to have a centralized management, supervision and control of all the station equipment The actions of the station equipment are coordinated by computer supervision control, so as to realize safe operation, energy saving and convenient management, and achieve the optimum social and economic effect. It consists of three levels: station level stage and local level.·Fire Alarm SystemIt is mainly used to mornitor and alarm for firing, flooding, earthquake, operation accidents and other various kinds of man-made accidents in the metro, to automatically or manually on fire fighting, to guide the passengers in case of an emergency evacuation, and to report the situations to the departments or stations concerned. Two levels(central level and station level) supervision control is adapted.·Water Supply and Drainage SystemWater Supply and Drainage System of Metro Line 1 is divided into Water Supply System and Water Drainage System. Water Supply System includes production and daily-life water supply system and fire fighting water supply system. Water Drainage System is composed of waste water system and rainwater system.·Fire Fighting SystemFire Fighting System consists fire hydrant system, automatic water-spray fire extinguishing system, 1301 BTM fire extinguishing system and carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system.·Environment Control SystemEnvironment Control System aims to provide the passengers with a more comfortable environment in normal operation, to attract the passengers and to provide good working conditions for the metro staffs and operation equipment, in order to ensure safe and punctual operation.·DepotIt is located in the west of Metro Line 1 and covers an area of 28.5 hectars with 26 buildings. The depot tracks have direct access to the railway. A 1.2 km long test track is located along the west side of the depot.The spacious depot primarily comprises:—Main Workshop for overhaul and repair of trains—Running Shed for scheduled maintenance (two weeks and three month maintenance)—Stabling Shed for 24 trains (8 tracks, each for 3 trains)—Maintenance Centre for overhaul of station and tunnel system equipment as well as for daily maintenance—Main Store—Train Washing Machine—Underfloor Lifting Line—Underfloor Wheeling Lathe3. Management and OperationUnder the leadership of the People’s Municipal Government of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Metro Corporation(GMC) was commissioned in 1992 to carry out the construction of the Metro network which is based on studies of leading Chinese Design Institutes, as well as to manage all urban rail transit facilities and develop other varieties of business in Guangzhou. The Metro is operated by OCGM (Operating Company Guangzhou Metro), a subsidiary of GMC.Since its establishment, the Corporation has made impressive achievements on metro construction. This great accomplishment reveals the firm and indomitable spirit and excellent teamwork of the metro staff.Guangzhou Metro Corporation stresses on high-qulity service and corporate culture. A staf team, full of vigor and vitality, can undertake all kinds of difficulties, is cultivated and established simultaneously with the metro construction.In 1999, the ticked fare for a whole journey is 6 yuan/person. The rate is decided on gradual bases. The initial price is 2 yuan/person. Proper discount will be given for passengers with value-stored pass, disabled soldiers and students in primary and secondary school. At present, the operating costs are almost balanced by ticket revenues, considering average daily 180,000 riders during revenue operation for 3 months.·Management ObjectivesAs a “window”profession to serve for the public, Guangzhou Metro assumes actively its own responsibilities. We take “advanced equipment and first-class service” as their management philosophy. In addition to focusing on excellent technical performance, great emphasis was also placed on training personnel to manage, operate, and maintain a safe, reliable, comfortable, and customer-service orientated Metro system.·Operation Management SystemIn order to realize safe and reliable operation with high quality and efficiency, simplified and efficient operation management organization and perfect operation management system are established by Guangzhou Metro. They organize the train operation and provide the operation service to the public according to the objective regulations of urban rail transit and the distinguished features.Under the principal of centralized dispatching and unified command, a series of rules and regulations are specified to standardize the activities of each department, such as operation organization, repair and maintenance of rolling stock equipment, equipment operation management and safety assurance etc. Centralized command and separate level control are performed with computers.4. Build Guangzhou’s New FutureGuangzhou’s objective is to build a modern metropolis in the world. However, traffic congestion and serious pollution has become day the bottleneck for the development. Guangzhou Metro Corporation has been making unremitting efforts for the development of Guangzhou’s traffic, striving to build a new future for the traffic in Guangzhou. Guangzhou Metro will be extended continuously in all directions. Up to the mid-21st century, an urban rapid rail transit network with seven lines (206.5km)will be formed in Guangzhou. It will come to the fact that“ride with metro and travel all over Guangzhou”.Acknowledgment: The author would like to thank great helps from GMC.